A Character From Everyman Essay

Everyman is a medieval play composed by an unknown creator. The focal subject of the play is that when an opportunity to leave the world is drawing nearer, an individual may wind up being sold out by their loved ones, and just great deeds is significant toward the end. God and religion are additionally significant perspectives in this Middle Age show, since it depicts Everyman’s progress from dread of death to a â€Å"Christian renunciation that is preface to redemption† (115). The characters in the play comprise of subjects, action words, and articles. The fundamental character in the show is Everyman, except the name is a portrayal of humankind as a rule. Everyman requests that different characters tail him on his excursion to death. Right off the bat, Everyman goes to Fellowship who is his companion, yet the first to spurn him by recommending drinking or associating with ladies as opposed to going on excursion of death. Furthermore, he asks his relatives, Kindred and Cousin, to go along with him on his excursion. In any case, Kindred and Cousin are traitorous to Everyman by helping him to remember the things he has never accomplished for them. Thirdly, Everyman alludes to Goods, which are Everyman’s possessions. Notwithstanding, he is baffled to discover that he can't keep his material belongings with him a secret forever. Fourthly, Everyman calls upon Good Deeds. Great Deeds can't go with Everyman promptly, except prescribes first proceeding to address information. In conclusion, Everyman takes Good Deed’s guidance and goes to Knowledge. Information drives Everyman to Confession with the end goal for Everyman to recognize his transgression and be pardoned. Great Deeds rises again and Everyman asks Good Deeds, Beauty, Strength, Discretion, and Five Wits to go along with him on his excursion to death. In spite of the fact that they all concur and tail him, they flee when they approach his grave aside from Good Deeds. In this way, by shutting of the play the crowd can infer that Good Deeds is the main character who didn't double-cross Everyman. Taking everything into account, Everyman is a medieval performance center piece that shows a thing or two to the perusers about the significance of life, which is that the things an individual accomplishes for others during his lifetime are what checks toward the finish of one’s life. Everyman initially thought his family, companions, and assets would be there when he kicks the bucket, yet understands that none of that issues when life closes.

Sunnyside Wellness and Spa Center Research Paper

Sunnyside Wellness and Spa Center - Research Paper Example Sunnyside Wellness and SPA Center considers this to be a chance to set up, flourish and develop its SPA and Health Center in Naperville, Illinois. The board accepts that individuals will keep on searching for the ideal SPA benefits that would coordinate their changed needs and prerequisites. This is the thing that administration might want to infiltrate and win. To accomplish a triumphant edge over contenders, Sunnyside Wellness might likewise want to enhance its administrations, focusing on excellence and unwinding administrations, however on empowering smart dieting also. It is with this purpose the executives chose to consolidate into its items and administrations the Sunnyside Nutrition Program, which incorporates cooking classes and meetings with dieticians. Just wellbeing plans would be presented in its cooking programs, and an authorized dietician will give conference administrations and furthermore assess the plans being educated. Expansion permits Sunnyside to extend its mar ket reach and pull in even the individuals who are not so much into the excellence and health programs into profiting its items and administrations. The sustenance program will pull in another specialty showcase, which will add to the productivity of the entire organization. In rundown, the Wellness business has a solid domain that empowers imagination among its players. Inventiveness comes through blending and coordinating item bundles that best suit the market’s needs. II. Meaning OF MARKET SEGMENT/NICHE 1. Separation system Focused Marketing Strategies †Facing firm rivalry from other more seasoned and entrenched SPA and Wellness Centers, Sunnyside perceives the requirement for it to be increasingly basic in its advertising procedures, concentrating on the opportune individuals and guaranteeing that the correspondence materials and exercises are in reality exact, direct to the point, and tempting to the objective market. The administration gloats of its key showcasing endeavors, expanding accessible systems and hardware to infiltrate the market and pass on to them the ideal message. Expansion †the company’s all encompassing methodology towards solid living puts an edge over contenders. While contenders center around wellbeing administrations alone, Sunnyside puts premium on generally wellbeing and health by putting resources into offices, projects and asset people that would bring the objective market included information smart dieting. The company’s capacity to wander out of the regular certainly makes them stand apart over the rest. Serious Market Knowledge - as an assistance kind of business, it is urgent for Sunnyside to have the option to recognize specifically the patterns in Beauty and Wellness industry to concoct a decent blend regarding its items and administrations. Thusly, it gains by a decent statistical surveying, coming about to the ID of specific items and administrations for a focused on advertise section. Makin g of numerous open doors from a solitary line of aptitude †Beauty and Health Care might be advanced and changed into a pool of different administrations that are additionally outfitted towards the absolute prosperity of the client. Because of inquires about, the items and administrations that are Morocco enlivened will be blended in with impacts from Asia and Europe to think of innovative, yet compelling items and administrations. All the more critically, the natural cooking class idea will permit the organization to grow its

Marion Pritchard :: essays research papers

MARION PRITCHARD Marion Pritchard was conceived in Amsterdam, Holland in 1920. Her dad was an appointed authority who treated her with adoration, regard and mindful. Her mom lived in Britain. Marion would visit her mom who dwelled there. Marion viewed the German intrusion on May 10, 1940, and as hostile to Semitic laws were passed, she disclosed to her Jewish companions to get away or to cover up. Her dad was not Jewish; notwithstanding, he was disillusioned that the Dutch government didn't accomplish more to support Jewish evacuees. As Hitler rose to control she viewed numerous youngsters being tossed into trucks which empowered her aid the salvage exertion. Marion recalled two officers kidding about getting little kids by the arms, legs, and hair, and hurling them around. In 1942 she took in the Polak family and concealed them in a small space under her parlor. Her companions would give her milk and other sound nourishments to take care of the Jews. One night a Dutch cop representing the Nazi system thumped on her entryway promptly toward the beginning of the day. A neighbor had revealed that she was concealing a Jewish family. She realized she would be sent to a death camp alongside the Polak family on the off chance that they were found. Marion accepted that it was either the official or the kids, thus she shot the official. A while later, a gay Jew expressive dance educator removed the dead body from Marion’s house around evening time and took it in a truck to the funeral director. The funeral director put the officer’s body in a final resting place which was destined to be covered. Marion was fortunate that the cop was not missed. She concealed more than 150 individuals from the Nazis yet a few Jews were found and executed. The Nazi armed force killed around 110,000 of the Netherlands’ 140,000 Jewish residents. After the war was over the Polaks came out of covering up. The mother who had been isolated from the Polak family was brought together with them. Marion chose to work for the United Nations help and Rehabilitation Administration’s Displaced Persons camps to locate her Jewish companions.

A Biting Elegy Ben Jonson on Shakespeare - Literature Essay Samples

A master of humor and satire, Ben Jonson was a playwright, poet, and actor; he was also known as one of Shakespeare’s theatrical contemporaries, if not Shakespeares prime literary rival. His poem â€Å"To the Memory of My Beloved the Author, Mr. William Shakespeare† was as an elegy to commemorate Shakespeare and his works. However, Jonson is not truly sincere in his admiration of Shakespeare. Jonson shrewdly undermines Shakespeare by hiding his criticism under the laudatory guise of the poem. Jonson subverts the expected, masterful image of Shakespeare by overtly praising him in a theatrical manner, discrediting his admirers, exposing his faults, and questioning his greatness relative to the great poets of the past. While the poem is written as an elegy to Shakespeare and therefore is supposed to be extolling in nature, Jonson’s excessive use of praise hinders the reader from fully admiring Shakespeare. The title not only overstates the obvious intention of the poem (a devotion to Shakespeare), but also is also especially lengthy and superfluous that it hints insincerity. Jonson attempts to praise Shakespeare by giving him several adjectives as decorative titles. He opens with â€Å"My Beloved,† an intimate and loving term. However, instead of being consistent with this level of affection, he unexpectedly distances himself and calls Shakespeare â€Å"the Author† and then formally addresses him as â€Å"Mr. William Shakespeare,† with the full prefix, first name and last name, halting the reader from fully viewing Shakespeare affectionately and signaling the reader to question his relationship with Shakespeare. Such disconnect also makes it look as if Jonson cannot find any other good things to say about Shakespeare and is resorting to a fact. By using such formal term and resorting to the obvious (i.e., his profession and official name respectively) Jonson succeeds in pretending to praise, while not evoking any admirable feelings from the reader for Shakespeare. Immediately, the title of the poem sets the premise for the rest of the poem as it makes the reader be more skeptical look for Jonson’s criticism beneath his praise for Shakespeare. Jonson continues to stage the obvious and over exaggerates his praise for Shakespeare that it verges on mockery, trivializing Shakespeare and his works. Jonson presents the poem like as with an over exaggeration of everything as if it’s staged. Thus, the praises should not be taken seriously, so transitively trivializing Shakespeare’s achievements. To illustrate, Jonson stops midway in the poem and announces, â€Å"I therefore will begin,†(17) referring to how he will begin eulogizing Shakespeare. The sudden change in narrative voice to first person, and the fact that the speaker is stating his intent instead of just diving into a praise creates an image of Jonson as a narrator on the stage, telling the audience that the show is about to start, the show being his applause for Shakespeare’s â€Å"great† achievements. In fact, in addition to the abrupt change in narrative voice, the period at the end of the phrase also creates a dramatic pause, stops the flow of the poem, making whatever comes after the phrase forced an unnatural. Jonson further dramatizes his praise of Shakespeare through his excessive use of exclamations marks. By using exclamation marks back to back with praises like â€Å"soul of the age!† followed by â€Å"the applause, delight, the wonder of our stage!† (17/18), takes away the impact the exclamation mark usually makes. Suddenly, the praises carry less weight and is trivialized. Moreover, later in the poem Jonson tries to top his previous praise of saying Shakespeare is â€Å"soul of the age† when he exclaims how Shakespeare â€Å"was not of an age but for all time!† as if he is playing a game to see how more over the top he could be. Logically, these two phrases also contradicts each other, which makes both laudatory statements cancel each other out, leaving them as empty praises. Therefore, Jonson’s imagery of a stage as well as his over exaggerated compliments trivializ es Shakespeare and his works. In fact, Jonson not only demeans Shakespeare through his own hyperbolic praises, but also discredits other people’s praise for Shakespeare. Jonson understands that one of the reason Shakespeare’s popularity is because he’s celebrated for being celebrated (similar to the idea of being famous for being famous) people admire him because a lot of other people praise him. Thus, Jonson attempts to take away this shield of praise as he explains how praise can be harmful and discredits Shakespeare’s admirers. Jonson presents the concept that praise is not always positive when he uses the â€Å"too much† to describe praise in the line â€Å"neither man nor muse can praise too much†(4). The phrase â€Å"too much† strikes as rather unconventional. In contrast to using â€Å"can praise enough† which evokes the idea of an empty space that still needs to be filled to be completed, Jonson uses â€Å"can praise too much† which presents an image of an overload of praise, as thought its gone past the point of completeness. Therefore, presenting how praises are now doing more harm than good. This slight change in wording, causes the reader to look at praises for Shakespeare differently, if not more critically. Jonson elaborates on this idea of how praises can be more harmful than beneficial when he analyzes Shakespeare’s admirers. Jonson is introducing the fact that many of Shakespeare’s admirers are â€Å"blind [in] affection† and praise him out of â€Å"seeliest ignorance,† lacking the ability and knowledge to truly appreciate his works (9). Naturally, such an argument causes the reader to look to themselves and question whether they hold Shakespeare in high regard because of others? Consequently making the reader even more critical of their views on him. At the same time, putting down some of Shakespeares admirers further gains Jonson the reader trusts as he presents himself as the few who can really understand Shakespeare’s work. Jonson does not stop there as he compares the situation to when â€Å"some infamous bawd or whore/ Should praise a matron† (13-14). Suddenly, Jonson presents the case to be worse than it actually is as comparing someon e who can’t appreciate work to a whore or bawd is rather extreme. Nonetheless, it proves effective in that it converts these praises from something positive to negative and subtracts from Shakespeare’s greatness. Not only does Jonson cancel out many of Shakespeare’s ignorant and thus fake admirers, but he also decreases the praise of Shakespeare’s top admirers like Queen Elizabeth and King James I. Instead of addressing them formally with their respective titles of â€Å"Queen† and â€Å"King,† Jonson refers to them as â€Å"Eliza and our James† (74). Jonson reference to the Queen and King in such casual terms may on the surface show Shakespeare’s close relationship with them. However, by using informal language, Jonson also reduces the monarchs, something so high and unreachable, to familiars, which takes away from the awe inspiring fact that Shakespeare is under the patronage of the highest ranking person in the country. Thus, by discrediting Shakespeare’s blind admirers and familiarizing his high ranking admirers, Jonson is stripping Shakespeare from the praises that make him so great, consequently reducing Shakespeare to the shadow of his f ormer, admirable self. Like how Jonson makes the monarchs seem more relatable, he also tries to pull Shakespeare from his pedestal by familiarizing Shakespeare and presenting him as an imperfect commoner who make mistakes as opposed to an unreachable literary genius. Jonson starts by exposing Shakespeare’s low educational background as he superficially commends Shakespeare for being able to make it this far when Shakespeare â€Å"hadst small Latin and less Greek† (31). Although it seems like Jonson is praising Shakespeare for becoming successful despite his educational background, the reader cannot fully admire Shakespeare. The reason for this incomplete admiration to is due to Jonson’s use of superlatives. Jonson could just saidâ€Å"hadst small Latin and Greek† withot the â€Å"less Greek† and it would still have relayed the same point across. However, by adding the extra superlative he creates a descending imagery, which conflicts with the idea of Shakespeare inclining in position, consequently halting the reader from truly admiring Shakespeare. In fact, Jonson is rather biased in his commentary, as Jonson is known for his grasp of the classics and is judging Shakespeare from his own high standard. Already Shakespeare’s educational background creates a hole in the prior image of a perfect Shakespeare. Moreover, Jonson tears at an image of a genius Shakespeare when he reveals that Shakespeare can makes mistakes, like any other ordinary person. Jonson states how â€Å"who casts to write a living line, must sweat (such as thine are)† referring to how hard Shakespeare had to work to produce a prose so good that it is â€Å"living.† Such a statement is meant to compliment Shakespeare’s hard work ethic, but Jonson’s real motive is attribute Shakespeare’s success to his hard work and not his genius as a way of brining him down from the pedestal. Jonson also uses brackets as a means of demoting Shakespeare to an ordinary citizen when puts â€Å"(such as thine are)† in brackets. Although â€Å"Thine† could be referring to Shakespeare, it could also be referring to the reader. The brackets allow Jonson to break the fourth wall and address the readers as it creates a space for an aside, as it doesn’t cut the flow of the poem. By exposin g Shakespeare’s educational backstory and showing that Shakespeare can make mistakes, Jonson is able to take away Shakespeare’s pedestal as he presents as ordinary. Jonson acknowledges Shakespeare’s abilities. However, he attempts to shrink Shakespeare’s greatness as he poses the question of how great Shakespeare relative to the great poets in history as he calls Shakespeare’s burial location into question. Jonson pretends to be indignant of how Shakespeare is buried in Stratford and not buried where â€Å"Chaucer, or Spencer, or bid Beaumont lie† (20) in Westminster Abbey. However, Jonson’s true motive for protesting is to shed light on this issue so that reader, naturally, would be inclined to ask why he wasn’t buried there in the first place? Did the authorities see something they didn’t? Or was Shakespeare good, but just not exemplary enough to be buried with other great poets?† After creating this gap of doubt in the readers mind, Jonson shows Shakespeare’s inadequacy by challenging Shakespeare himself and filling in the gap of doubt with an image of Shakespeare trying to squeeze himself into the poet’s corner. Jonson starts off by mockingly challenging Shakespeare to find himself a space when he cries â€Å"Shakespeare rise!† By using the word â€Å"rise†, Jonson conjures an image of a dead Shakespeare â€Å"rising† from the dead, which is not only disrespectful to Shakespeare, but also paints Shakespeare in a very weak and disturbing state, an image that makes Shakespeare seem even farther away from the poetic martyr. Moreover, by using a one-syllable verb followed by an exclamation mark, Jonson treats Shakespeare as an inferior, someone he can command. Therefore, making Shakespeare seem even less deserving to be buried by the greats. Most importantly, Jonson ends with a relatively weak sentence â€Å"to make thee a roo m† (21). The phrase is weak because it lacks a subject and thus presenting an imagery of a limited space that Shakespeare has to force and squeeze himself into it as opposed to a more definitive phrase of â€Å"a room will be made† where the subject is present and in the beginning, creating an image of a room that must be present for him. By challenging Shakespeare on his burial space and building an undeserving image of him, Jonson succeeds in making Shakespeare’s accomplishment become relatively less great. Throughout the poem, Jonson fervently praises Shakespeare and his works. However, there is always an underlying motive to undermine Shakespeare beneath all of them. Jonson criticizes Shakespeare through the superfluous title of the poem, his theatrical praises, attempts to discredit Shakespeare’s admirers, revealing his faults as well as questioning his burial location. In a way, by hiding his attacks behind his praises, the reader is led to actually listen and be swayed by Jonson and his attempts to subvert Shakespeare’s great legacy.

Mistakes That Can Ruin One s Interview - 1768 Words

In this paper I describe mistakes that can ruin one’s interview for a job in person. Interviews can make or break a relationship. Interviews are the first impressions of someone before they are accepted or denied. As being the interviewee, one must do research on the company, dress formally, talk without any slang, and especially not be late to the interview. After reading this paper, one should be successful in any interview. The first credible source I found that was helpful was LifeHack.org. LifeHack is one of the top 10,000 most visited sites in the world. This site was made for college students and was founded by Lean Ho at Hack College. On this site, it describes 5 most common mistakes during, and before the interview. One common mistake is the wardrobe. Even if it’s summer and blazing hot, that is not an excuse for not being properly attired, this means an interviewee may not wear short. LifeHack studies say that in the first 7 to 17 seconds, that’s the fi rst impression. If not properly attired, one can be disqualified before open their mouth. The next common mistake is being late. A good saying is, â€Å"If you’re not 5 mins early, you’re 10 mins late†. Showing up late can have one immediately dismissed. One suggestion LifeHack makes is if you feel like the interview is too far away from you, suggest to the interviewer to doing an online interview. Life can throw a lot of obstacles such as traffic or getting lost in an unknown area. Always be early! The third commonShow MoreRelatedProfound, Poetic Rock and Roll by Bob Dylan 793 Words   |  3 Pagesaccurate. Following a 1991 interview conducted by Paul Zollo with Bob Dylan, Zollo stated that â€Å"There’s an unmistakable elegance in Dylan’s words, an almost biblical beauty† and that â€Å"Dylan’s answers give you a lot to think about while not necessarily revealing much about the man†. (Zollo 2) The same can be said with reg ard to many of the lyrics of Dylan’s songs. 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The Physics of Semiconductor Devices Essay example

The Physics of Semiconductor Devices The purpose of this paper is to give a greater understanding of the semiconductor world, for Physics 100 students who have a little knowledge of electronics. I will cover conductors, insulators, semiconductors, and the operation of a diode and a transistor. The reason that it is important to understand these devices is the vast effect that they have had on our modern world. Our lives are filled by electronics, especially in this computerized age that we live in, and I have found that a knowledge of some electronics has greatly helped my understanding of the many electronic devices that we deal with on a daily basis. To understand the physics of a semiconductor device it is first necessary to†¦show more content†¦The outer shell of electrons that orbit the nucleus of an atom is called the valance shell. This is what makes a copper atom conduct. For a copper atom the number of electrons is one. When a charge of electricity is placed in the end of a wire the electrons move into the wire. Since there is only one electron in the valance shell of a copper atom it can be easily dislodged with a small amount of energy causing it to jump to the next atom. This will then cause the valance electron of that atom to jump to the next atom and so forth. This movement happens very fast making it possible for a large number of electrons to move through the wire. An example of a conductive atom is shown figure 1. Now we will move onto other materials that are involved with electronics. The next group of materials that will be discussed are insulators. An insulator is a material that does not conduct electricity at all but will resist or stop it from traveling further. An insulating atom has eight electrons in its valance shell which makes this shell complete. 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Challenger Disaster free essay sample

The Space Shuttle Challenger disaster has been well investigated and analysed as a typical management case by numerous researchers. Although the disaster is the direct result of a technical issue, the hardware failure of a solid rocket booster (SRB) O-ring caused by abnormally low temperatures, there is an unambiguous relationship between the disaster and numerous organizational factors such as communication (Gouran et al. 1986), leadership decision-making (Fisher, 1993 and Heimann, 1993) and individual behaviour in a stressful environment (Boisjoly et al. , 1989, Romzek and Dubnick, 1987). Arguably, all parties involved contributed to these issues, possibly outweighing the technology aspect. This paper will address fundamental questions relating to the organizational causes of the disaster. What organizational factors contributed to the accident? The organizational factors contributing to the disaster are centred on the following three issues. The first issue is the serious communication breakdown was between NASA and Morton Thiokol. According to historical records, Boisjoly (2006), the former Morton Thiokol engineer, had â€Å"ordered the Marshall Space Flight Centre (MSFC) to present a preliminary report prior to formal FRR meetings† after noticing the design flaw of these primary seals on the two field joints as early as 1985. We will write a custom essay sample on Challenger Disaster or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Boisjoly subsequently brought the problem to the board’s attention. Nevertheless, until 1986 the issue had not yet been resolved although NASA had classified it as ‘an emergency’ matter. Not only Boisjoly, but also other engineers such as Thompson (1985) reported the O-ring seal problem to their managers, and highlight that it had become ‘acute’. Attempts to make the issue clear were ultimately disregarded by the management groups. The second issue is the excessively vertical rather than horizontal and collaborative decision making process of senior managers. As investigated after the accident (CST, 1986), the disaster could have been avoided if NASA and Morton-Thiokol managers had paid attention to the recommendations of the technical staff, and taken scientific decisive action to solve the increasingly serious problem. NASA managers made the final launching decision without the support of Morton Thiokol managers, not heeding the repeated warnings of engineers regarding the abnormal low temperature at the launch location (Rogers Commission, 1986). The third issue is the decision-making behaviour of people under intense pressure. According to the view of Romzek and Dubnick (1987), NASA made the hasty final launching decision under the pressure of the White House, because delaying the launch could cause potential loss of economic and political support for the space program as well as damage the overall reputation of the program. The same accountability pressures also had an impact on Morton Thiokol, which undertook transferring pressure of NASA with fear of contract loss. These pressures influenced the final decision ‘that set an overly ambitious launch schedule’. How did the forces of ‘reason’ and ‘emotion’ influence the decision to proceed with the launch? The Challenger disaster is an example of how, in an organisational setting, pressure and fear can lead to irrational behaviour on the part of the leaders and decision-makers involved. Irrationality connotes a lack of reason, which can be brought about via emotionally charged situations. The Thiokol team were put under intense pressure by NASA to carry out the launch and ultimately succumbed to fears of recrimination rather than follow their instincts and better judgment. They held the knowledge that multiple lives were at stake, thus illustrating the power of the forces of reason and emotion in organisational behaviour. George proposes that â€Å"emotional intelligence, the ability to understand and manage moods and emotions in the self and others, contributes to effective leadership in organisations† (2000). It can be argued that Thiokol and NASA were operating under a deficiency of emotional intelligence. This is apparent in their systematic ignoring of clear and persistent calls to redesign the O-ring. The Rogers Commission report outlines Marshall engineers Leon Ray and John Q. Miller’s attempts to elicit a redesign by issuing memos including the words â€Å"resulting in catastrophic failure† (1986). By ignoring such blatant warnings, Thiokol and NASA, the acting leaders in this endeavour, eschewed the responsibility to even merely address this emotional outcry. Thereby, they failed to understand and deal with the serious emotions of concern from Marshall and failed to manage their fears of failure by not admitting that problems exist and being committed to a solution. No reason or logical explanation for their actions can be found. This behaviour and the decision to proceed with the launch can be seen as an illustration of what Tourish and Robson call â€Å"threat-rigidity theory† (2006). This theory ties into the idea that speaking up or voicing concerns threatens â€Å"the vital interests of an entity† and the desire to always be seen in a â€Å"positive light† (Tourish and Robson, 2006). Ultimately, as the Rogers Commission report supports, since Thiokol and NASA lacked emotional intelligence in the organisational context they could not manage their emotions of fear, pride and complacency. How did the relations between NASA and Morton Thiokol affect the decision? In NASA’s Space Shuttle Program, the organizational structure was a vertical (tall) differentiation structure consisting of four levels (George and Jones, 2006). Level I was a final authority to determine launch readiness (Gouran, et. al. , 1986) and NASA engineers and managers were operating together. However, one issue of this structure was that it was highly autonomous and the entire managerial system became more complex, bureaucratic and political accountable (Vijay, 1996). Morton Thiokol was a contractor producing the Solid Rocket Motor (SRM) for the NASA team. When Thiokol’s engineering and managerial teams discovered the abnormally low temperature, which could cause a potential technical failure of O-ring, they provided a recommendation to NASA teams to postpone the time of the shuttle launch until noon or later on 28 January. However, NASA’s Level III managers strongly disagreed with Thiokol’s engineering analysis. They thought this was an ‘acceptable risk’ which was based on scientific method supported by sufficient testing and data. According to the Challenger case analysis by Vaughan (1996), the Challenger accident was due to the normalization of organizational deviance and misconduct. The normalization of organizational deviance was the outcome of the changing socially culture of NASA’s workgroup and production. Indeed, in NASA’s organizational structure, it can be seen that the decision-making power is highly centralized. Centralization is described as â€Å"the concentration of authority and responsibility for decision-making power in the hands of managers at the top of an organization’s hierarchy† (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2010). It can affect an organizational culture. In the Challenger case, NASA’s workgroup culture seemed to be ‘deviant’ and ‘inappropriate’. However, as they conformed the cultural beliefs, they still kept supporting the scheduled Challenger launch even though Thiokol explained that there existed a potential risk. As a result, it created a flawed decision-making process between NASA and Morton Thiokol. Is any one part, group or organization responsible for the disaster? Greene argues that there is a serious deficiency in communication and culture throughout the NASA and Morton Thiokol organizational structure and that both parties were responsible for the ultimate outcome (2013). The engineers failed to catch the attention of managers regarding the danger of launching the spaceship. Although engineer had alerted management to problems with the O-ring, thus communication was insufficient in preventing the tragedy (DeGeorge, 1981). As often observed, when information is transferred from subordinates to middle or senior management, it is more than likely that the truth may be twisted in favour of senior management’s preferences. The management took safety for granted and rushed to launch the space shuttle days before President Reagan’s State of the Union speech. Gouran (1986) has indicated that the decision to launch occurred under tremendous pressure. The chief engineer of NASA headquarters, Milton Silviera, should have taken the responsibility of safety, reliability, and quality assurance of the space shuttle. According to the Roger Commission report, the NASA x-range safety officer was not present at the meeting where the launch decision was made. Both the engineering and managerial teams knew of the technical defect, however, no one came forward to stop the launch. The organizational culture in NASA seems to deliberately ignore unpleasant voice (Tufte, 1997). Due to the pressure to conform and the loss of leadership at every level of management, NASA went ahead with the plan. Finally, NASA was flooded with pride because they set a precedent of success previously, and did not want to compromise their reputation. Therefore there was no room to manoeuvre (Silver, 2012). How might NASA’s own culture have contributed to the disaster? As this case identifies, the primary cause of Challenger’s accident was based on the ailure of the O-rings during the launch of the spaceship. Nevertheless, the processes behind this technical aspect unleash a far more distinct area that should be seen through the concept of Organizational culture. This notion is recognized by Stephen Johnson, an ‘ASK Magazine’ contributor; â€Å"Success and failures clearly have technical causes, but a system’s reliability strongly depends on human processes used to develop it, the decisions of the funders, managers, and engineers who collectively determined the level of risk† (Johnson, 2012). ASK Magazine’ is published by NASA, and the magazine points to what many argue to be the main reason for why Challenger‘s O-rings failed during take-off back in 1986. Organizational culture does have a significant impact on any organization’s performance, but not only in terms of positive and productive outcome. Edgar Schein, author of the article ‘What You Need to Know About Organizational Culture’ recognises in his text that â€Å"many have adopted â€Å"strong† cultures as a prescription of organizational success† (Schein, 2003). For NASA in the context of the Challenger disaster, the ‘strong’ culture may be seen in a more negative light due to the autocratic leadership style exercised by NASA managers at the time, in conjunction with their supplier (Morton Thiokol). This is emphasised through the comments made by a Senior Vice President of the operations where it was communicated that â€Å"a management decision [was] necessary† (Boisjoly et al, 1989) in responding to objections about the launch from engineering personnel involved in the preparation for take-off. This focus on managerial and performance related terms rather than technical and security factors was further emphasised by comments made by another manager who asked an engineer to â€Å"take off [your] engineering hat and put on [your] management hat† (ibid) in discussing whether Challenger was ready for launch. According to Boisjoly, â€Å"the process represented a radical shift from previous NASA policy. Until that moment, the burden of proof had always been on the engineers to prove beyond a doubt that it was safe to launch. NASA, with their objections to the original Thiokol recommendation against the launch, and Mason, with his request for a â€Å"management decision†, shifted the burden of proof in the opposite direction† (ibid). Power and politics in organizations: the impact of authorities decisions-making, their responsibilities and authority NASA as a governmental organization has a vast organizational scheme that engages in a wide range of activities. LaPalombara ,et a(2001) stated that considerations of power and its exercise are ubiquitous in public/political-sector organizations. There was a political pressure on NASA to show to the public that the shuttle Challenger’s program was not at the experimental stage anymore like Apollo was but is now completely operational, and reliable enough to attract commercial businesses. However, the decisions to reduce the federal finance of the program along with the pressure that NASA was facing in terms of unrealistic flight schedule due to commitments to government, have contributed to poor decision making from the launch managers. The pre-launch conferences (Groupthink, 1989) unveiled some flaws, which led to the Challenger disaster. These flaws included an environment in which decision-making was under pressure. For Vaughan, these decisions have contributed to the development of a new organizational culture that allowed some degree of technical flaws. Many entities were present in the organization; several private firms have contracts to assist in the launch process of NASA’s STS launch missions. For Cohen and Axelrod (1984), this condition of multiple accountability, formal and informal, implies that political organizations are considerably less autonomous than private-sector organizations. Another impact of power and politics in organizations is â€Å"the teacher in space† program. With this program, President Reagan was showing his support of education, but it put NASA under pressure to promote the image that shuttle flight is safe and should be perceived as normal airline travel. LaPalombara argues that Normative considerations are endemic to public/politicalsector organizations, because they are directly or indirectly involved in what Easton (1953) once called ‘the authoritative allocation of values’. What does it mean to manage a complex system? Perrow (1972) argues that complex systems should be avoided. Yet, complex systems in organizations such as NASA and hospitals cannot be avoided (2003). As these institutions will remain in existence, the risk of errors and mistakes is heightened. Communication is a central theme in complex system management. There should be focus on communication from managers to non-managerial staff (Dennis Tourish and Paul Robson, 2006). Seeger and Ulmer (2003) stated the collapse of Enron was partially caused by a failure on the part of its senior managers to maintain adequate communication systems capable of transmitting information about organizational problems. Managing change is also crucial: Managers of such organizations do not limit at redundancy, they also proceed to organizational and cultural changes. We have seen the changing of institutional expectations in NASA’s environment. Consequently, its structure began taking on an organizational ambience that supported compliance to administrative needs. That was a response to pressures. Organization components were supposed to work closely together but that was not the case among Marshall, Kennedy and Johnson space centres. These organizations acted independently with poor communication and extensive bureaucracy. Conclusion Managing a complex system of organizations such as NASA and Thiokol requires employees in key positions to be able to identify and address problems properly, while simultaneously being involved in the decision-making process and security manners. As explored in this analysis, a range of factors from bureaucracy to emotional intelligence and group think all make up for factors that can contribute to a compromise in judgement. These issues are of tantamount importance because, as we have seen, in the case of the Challenger disaster consequences of ignoring these issues can be catastrophic.

Kurt Vonnegut Essays (1898 words) - Kurt Vonnegut,

Kurt Vonnegut Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. is a contemporary American author whose works have been described by Richard Giannone as comic masks covering the tragic farce that is our contemporary life (Draper, 3784). Vonnegut's life has had a number of significant influences on his works. Influences from his personal philosophy, his life and experiences, and his family are evident elements in his works. Among his comic masks are three novels: Cat's Cradle, The Sirens of Titan, and God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater. Throughout these novels, elements such as attitude, detail, narrative technique, setting, and theme can be viewed with more understanding when related to certain aspects of his life. These correlations are best examined in terms of each influence. One of the most significant influences from Vonnegut's life on his personal philosophy has been his participation in World War II. During the war, Vonnegut served in the American army in Europe and was captured by German soldiers. As a prisoner of war, he witnessed the Allied bombing of the city of Dresden, in which more than 135,000 people died due to the resulting fires (Draper, 3785). This experience had a profound impact on Vonnegut. From it, he developed his existential personal philosophy and his ideas about the evils of technology. He states, I am the enemy of all technological progress that threatens mankind (Nuwer, 39). The influence of Dresden shows up in each of the novels. In Cat's Cradle, one element of his experience at Dresden that Vonnegut portrays is his fear of technology. Initially, the intention of the story is for the narrator to write about what the scientists who invented the atomic bomb were doing the day it was dropped on Hiroshima. To this effect, one of the scientists in the story said, Science has now known sin, to which another replied, What is sin? (Vonnegut, Cradle, 21). The focus on technology quickly changes to a material called ice-nine, which has the ability to freeze water at room temperature. This technological breakthrough, by a scientist who worked on developing the atomic bomb, has the ability to destroy the world by freezing all its water. Even though the people with ice-nine are very careful all through the plot, they lose control of it in the end and the world becomes frozen. With ice-nine, Vonnegut thematically demonstrates how relatively simple technology can lay waste to the world, as the Allies did to Dresden (Draper, 3785). Cat's Cradle is an excellent example of Vonnegut's existentialism, a philosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness and isolation of the individual experience in. . . [an] indifferent universe, [and] regards human existence as unexplainable (Bookshelf '94). Before the novel even starts, just below the dedication, he declares, Nothing in this book is true. 'Live by the foma [harmless untruths] that make you brave and kind and healthy and happy' (Vonnegut, Cradle). Vonnegut carries this concept all through the story, that the universe is meaningless and each person must exist for oneself. He even goes to the extent of inventing a religion, Bokononism, with which humans attempt to make some sense of everything, while realizing that everything is nonsensical. Vonnegut's existential philosophy also takes the form of a religion in The Sirens of Titan. The Church of God the Utterly Indifferent is established, on the principle that puny man can do nothing at all to help or please God Almighty, and Luck is not the hand of God (Vonnegut, Sirens, 180). Toward the end of the story, two existential ideas are developed: first that human life is incomprehensible (in this case controlled by aliens from another planet for a trivial purpose), and second that people must make a meaning for life on their own. When one character states, The worst thing that could possibly happen. . . would be to not be used for anything by anybody, Vonnegut is suggesting that a good meaning for life might simply be to be useful (Vonnegut, Sirens, 310). The theme and plot of meaninglessness and uselessness mirror Vonnegut's experiences in the aftermath of Dresden (Amer. Lit. Bio., 301, 303-304). God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater also exhibits elements of Vonnegut's take on technology and existentialism in plot and theme. The protagonist, millionaire Eliot Rosewater,

Theoretical Models in Understanding Working Memory

Theoretical Models in Understanding Working Memory Ericsson and Kintsch (1995) model The first model which attempts to explain how working memory functions is the Ericsson and Kintsch (1995) model which explains that all individuals utilize skilled memory in everyday tasks however most these memories are stored in long term memory and then subsequently retrieved through various forms of retrieval mechanismsAdvertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Theoretical Models in Understanding Working Memory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More (Gobet, 2000). Ericsson and Kintsch explain that it would be impossible to hold so to speak all memories within our working memory rather what occurs is that individuals hold only a few concepts related to a task within their working memory and then use those as indicators to retrieve the information from long term memory (Licata, 2009). This process which they described as long term working memory can actually be compared to the card catalo g within a library which stores information regarding particular books and then directs people to which specific shelf they are located (Gobet, 2000). This is a faster and more effective system as compared to merely stacking all the books within a library on tables and expecting people to find exactly what they are looking for. Baddeley and Hitch (1974) multi-component model The second model for understanding the processes involved in working memory is the Baddeley and Hitch (1974) multi-component model which states that working memory operates via a system of slave systems and a central controller which supervises the transmission and coordination of information (RepovÃ…   Baddeley, 2006). The first slave system of the Baddeley and Hitch (1974) model is called the phonological loop which stores the sound of language. This system operates via a method of continuous repetition where in order to prevent the decay of accumulated words, phrases, meanings etc. the system continuously re peats the content thus refreshing it and ensuring that a person doesnt forget it. For example, remembering people’s names, numbers and associated information regarding a particular individual is governed by this system (RepovÃ…   Baddeley, 2006). The second slave system is called the visual-spatial sketchpad which is involved in the storage and retrieval of visual and spatial information. Aspects related to this system come in form of visual images such as colors, shapes and the location of various objects and places of interest (Baddeley, Allen Hitch, 2011). Facilitating the proper operation of both systems in the Baddeley and Hitch (1974) model is the central executive system which is responsible for directing the processes related to systematizing information towards relevant processes while at the same time minimizes or outright eliminates inappropriate or irrelevant information from being disseminated (Baddeley, Allen Hitch, 2011).Advertising Looking for resea rch paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It must also be noted that under this particular model the central executive also handles the delegation of processes when more than one activity is being done at the same time. Cowan model The last model for explaining how working memory functions is the Cowan model which is rather unique in that it considers working memory as not being a separate system but is actually part of long term memory unlike other models and explanations which indicate a separation between the two (Sà ¶rqvist Rà ¶nnberg, 2012). Combining the Concepts One way of combining the various models into a cohesive whole is to consider that working memory is indeed the result of retrieval mechanisms as indicated by the Ericsson and Kintsch (1995) model however by integrating the Baddeley and Hitch (1974) model we can come to understand that these retrieval mechanisms are in fact part of the central executive as described by Baddeley and Hitch. As such it can be assumed that memory is the direct result of a complex relationship between retrieval mechanisms, the central executive and the slave systems which comprise the long term storage of memories which are only retrieved when necessary via memory triggers within working memory (Hamamà © et al., 2012). When combined with the Cowan model it can be assumed that working memory and long term memory are indeed integrated with working memory acting as a means of triggering long term memory to function thus indicating some form of inherent connection between the two. Reference List Baddeley, A. D., Allen, R. J., Hitch, G. J. (2011). Binding in visual working memory: The role of the episodic buffer. Neuropsychologia, 49(6), 1393-1400. Gobet, F. (2000). Retrieval structures and schemata: A brief reply to Ericsson and Kintsch. British Journal Of Psychology, 91(4), 591.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample o n Theoretical Models in Understanding Working Memory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hamamà ©, C. M., Vidal, J. R., Ossandà ³n, T., Jerbi, K., Dalal, S. S., Minotti, L., Lachaux, J. (2012). Reading the minds eye: Online detection of visuo-spatial working memory and visual imagery in the inferior temporal lobe. Neuroimage,  59(1), 872-879. Licata, I. (2009). A Dynamical Model for Information Retrieval and Emergence of Scale-Free Clusters in a Long Term Memory Network. Emergence: Complexity   Organization, 11(1), 48-57. RepovÃ…  , G. G., Baddeley, A. A. (2006). The multi-component model of working memory: Explorations in experimental cognitive psychology. Neuroscience,  139(1), 5-21. Sà ¶rqvist, P., Rà ¶nnberg, J. (2012). Episodic Long-Term Memory of Spoken Discourse Masked by Speech: What Is the Role for Working Memory Capacity?. Journal Of  Speech, Language Hearing Research, 55(1), 210-218.

Global Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Global Marketing - Case Study Example It has already made an unplanned foray into India, but is not finding the move very successful. This is despite the fact that the mobile communication market in the country is huge and the potential to grow exists especially in the larger towns (not the four big metros in the country) and semi urban areas. This report is a global marketing opportunity analysis for entering the Indian market. This is a preliminary to a full fledged marketing plan which will be prepared at a later stage. Political Factors: The following political factors is the key concern; Current / future taxation policy to be monitored. Current and future Political supports will render a great control to the regulation of business of a country and add value to clients and other business also. Bank loan facility such as bank guarantee to be made in between employers and bankers and the bankers provide the finance on a instalment basis i.e. on the basis of work progress. Trade bodies to be complied with such as trade license to be provided by the Government bodies to start the business and the license to be renewed periodically (yearly). To be make sure, concerning the war effects and related draw back on the affected Country. Stability of political environment also another important factor. Government policy i.e. rules and regulations influence the business requirement. Government's role on marketing principles should be evaluated. Look at the Government policy on the financial end. Government vie w of point on cultural and religion environment to be analyzed. Economic Factors: Traders has to consider the situation of finance in the business if it is short or long term. Strength of sale i.e. is another important factor which is applicable for current and future levels of Government spending. Access of loan feasibility has to be considered. It is really a fact for doing an international marketing. You have to be particular about the interest rates as such current and future level, because the fluctuation in exchange rates has a great impact on the market now days. Due to the current global recession unemployment also badly effected at present. Price rises also another impact on the employment level per capital also to be considered the price rises how it affects the domestic product so. Tax levies and market trends is to be followed. Socio-cultural Factors: To look at the influential part of society and culture of the country on the business which varies from county to country. Another important factors are to be considered is dominant religion and the effectiveness of foreign products and services and mother tong (language) of that particular county is another factor which will have a great impacts for communicating of products in their markets. Timing is also considered as per the requirement / availability of Clients. Majority of roles of men and women to be identified. Population of that country is to be considered whether the older generations are wealthy or not. Religious customs of that particular Country and community to be respected so. Technological Factors: Current and future technology innovations is important for competitive benefit and is major guider of globalization. Fund status is concerned with by viewing technologically. The technology is deeply affected the products and services to produce more cheaply and to a prime standard of quality. Internet services and advanced mobile and

Difficult in finding good jobs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Difficult in finding good jobs - Essay Example (Lenard, 2011) Depending on which state one resides in, the difficulty in finding employment can be described as .82 workers for every position, (in Washington, D.C.) or as many as 8.24 workers for every position (in Michigan). (Lenard, 2011) Production jobs are down nearly 50% as a result of outsourcing. (Lenard, 2011) With unemployment benefits on the decrease, due to fewer workers in the system supporting the tax base revenues from which those benefits derive, what does the future look like for these people? (Lenard, 2011) The impact of not being able to find work has caused some serious consequences for our economy. (Bruce, 2011) This type of structural unemployment is closely aligned with system failure. (Bruce, 2011) The current economic downturn has been long lasting. (Bruce, 2011) Most business cycles take approximately 20 years to return to their previous position. (Bruce, 2011) That means we have approximately 10 – 12 more years before we will be able to see more availability of employment. (Bruce, 2011) In addition to decreased productivity in the marketplace, unemployed workers are no longer supporting the tax revenue base that pays for unemployment benefits as well as numerous social programs that provide health care, training, and child care assistance to help people stay healthy and find employment. (Bruce, 2011) This creates a situation where the government must either increase taxes or borrow the money to cover this debt. Increased taxes lead to less consumption, which creates new unemployment. (Bruce, 2011) It takes money out of the financial markets, which also increases the interest rates; this, in turn, increases costs for companies and lowers profit margins; again, creating more layoffs. (Bruce, 2011) It’s a downward spiral. As companies outsource, they eliminate American workers and the managers that keep the production cycle in motion. (Bruce, 2011) For the ethnic worker, illegal immigrants take on blue collar jobs that many

Water Pollution Essay Example for Free

Water Pollution Essay Clean water is extremely essential for a healthy living. It is lifes most important basic necessity while dirty water is one of the deadliest killers. UN has estimated that 10 people die every minute from contaminated water. The World Health Organization estimates that 80% of all sickness and disease in developing countries is due to unsafe water. As water pollution is one of the most widespread problems and it has deadly effects, I chose this topic. Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e. g. lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwater). Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds. The project includes the Global perspective, National perspective, possible scenarios and my personal views about this issue. GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE Water pollution today happens all over the world. Many major cities and countries form a part of it. The top five polluting countries are China, USA, Russia, India and Japan. The water and sanitation crisis claims more lives through disease than any war claims through guns. Some 6,000 children die every day from disease associated with lack of access to safe drinking water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene equivalent to 20 aircrafts crashing every day. According to UN statistics every day 2 million tons of human wastes are disposed of in water bodies. In developing countries, 70% of industrial wastes are dumped untreated into waters where they pollute the usable water supply. The sources of water pollution throughout the world are, Â · Fertilizers: Synthetic fertilizers can easily leech into lakes or rivers with the help of rainwater or excessive watering leading to water pollution. Fertilizers being drained into the rivers or lakes cause enrichment in nutrients and give rise to growth of algae. Projected increases in fertilizer use for food production and inn waste water effluents over the next 30 years suggest there will be 15% global increase in nitrogen flow into rivers. Â · Chemical industries: They release harmful chemicals into river and water bodies. Today these wastes need to be treated before releasing but not much attention is paid to this and so, waste is released into water without treating. Sewage contains a high amount of pathogens and when it reacts with water causing oxygen to be removed. So removal of oxygen from water life becomes impossible in water. Â · Oil Spills: Africa has highest amount of polluted water, South Africa to be specific is most polluted country. The government has taken control over the pollution by putting measures and treating wastes before disposals. Africa being a developing continent, cannot afford the cost of treating all the waste and in some industries they dispose the waste directly in water bodies. People there don’t focus on harvesting the rainwater like in China or India. In Europe, the most polluted coasts are of Lithuania and Estonia, 70% of all surface water is polluted due to industrial activities. Poland has high rate of water pollution which causes shortage of water for industrial use. Baltic Sea is considered to be most polluted in the world. In Asia most polluted waters are to be found in China. 70% of China’s water is heavily polluted. This is due to untreated sewages and industrial influence. About two million people suffer from serious disease caused by unsafe water. It is well known fact that US tap water is safest in the world, generally safe from microbes and chemicals. However, this is true for some states only, while some states are still getting contaminated water. Many Americans still drink tap water without even knowing it. Congress in America passed The Water Act in 1974 that could set national limits on certain contaminants in tap water. In 2009 the EPA warned that threats to drinking water have increased. Australia has a low rate of water pollution which is declining in near future. Many water projects are going in Australia and people are enthusiastically helping to solve the problem of unsafe drinking water. Main source of pollution at Sydney’s beach is affluent discharge from north head, Bodi and Malabar waste water treatment plants. Natural small creeks and drainage lines have been replaced with networks of canals and pipes. Waste water treatment plants collect waste water and remove solids and then treat waste water before realizing it into the environment. Starting the treatment of water today can help us save large numbers of lives. Thus, it forms a major crisis in the world. Time has come to solve it. NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE- I am an Indian, to be more specific from the state of Gujarat and a city named Rajkot. I’m very privileged to live in a country which is water adequate. It is adequate which means it is enough for need, but unfortunately not enough for greed. Its a fact the water will be the world’s most serious issue in the coming years. Someone rightly said that the third world war will be over water, considering India Fights have already started on small scale over water. At present the following states of India are involved in legal battles over the following rivers. For example the states Kerala, Tamil nadu, Pondicherry and Karnataka are fighting over the river Kaveri and Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka are fighting over river Krishna. India is amongst the top water polluters in the world. Since several decades, industrial wastes like chemicals, oils and other poisonous things are discharged into the rivers in large quantities. In India, rivers have a great religious importance and they are considered holy. People travel miles to bathe in these rivers. Due to these pollutions, the water which was considered ‘Amrita’ (Immortal Drink) has now certainly become poison. Till some extent bathing in the river does cause water pollution but there are other several religious rituals like ‘Visarjan’ and flowing of Asthiya. Not just the religious customs but even the sewage is drained into these rivers. People even wash their clothes in the river. It has been found that expired medicines and used injections are thrown into the rivers. Out of the 1400 km of the river Yamuna, 600 km from Panipat to Etawa has been officially declared to be dead (this means this stretch of the river has 0% dissolved oxyg en meaning that neither can water support any type of life nor is it suitable for any kind of use). Experts have found out through surveys that the level of coliform (harmful bacteria) in water to be a dangerous 50 in 100ml in drinking water. For bathing water, it is an approximate of 500 per 100ml. More than 500 means that the water is not even fit for bathing and it has been found that Delhi’s level of coliform is between 9,000,000 and 10,000,000. This is the condition of the capital city; it can be assumed that in other parts of the country the conditions are worse. Even though the Indian government has introduced many acts outlawing water pollution it is unable to enforce it strongly and people are still dumping wastes into water. Industrial wastes are also dumped into the ground by injecting them deep inside, this pollutes the underground freshwater. In India water pollution in itself is a major issue, but it is also impacting on the health of the people. The industrially polluted water is treated by ordinary techniques, which still are not able to filter out the heavy metals such as lead and cadmium. This water is used in agricultural practices, and the produced crops for example the fruits and vegetables contain these poisonous substances in small quantities which can cause health problems like: Lead: affects the IQ level of kids. Mercury: affects people’s brains. It also affects pregnant women and maybe passed on to their children through blood and breast feeding. This may also lead to mutation. I all personally face a lot many problems due to water pollution. As I live in Rajkot, a city which lies within the watershed expansion of Aji riverbasin and it is a network of 19 natural drainage courses, loally known as ‘Voklas’. Unfortunately these voklas are being used for sewage disposals resulting in pollution of Aji –river in downsream of Aji dam, which collects the water from Aji and Nyari river, therefore both the dams are fully polluted. An analysis of different water bodies in downstream of Aji dam indicates the most of water bodies within city limit are contaminated. Pollution of underground water due to electro-plating industries and sari-printing industries is also observed. POSSIBLE SCENARIOS : Today, water has become a major world issue. It affects the world, it means it affects each of us human beings. The concentration of water pollution is expected to increase in future, as with the growing trend today, water has become a major world issue. It affects the world; it means it affects each of us human beings. The concentration of water pollution is expected to increase in future, as there is going to advancement in industries, agriculture and may other contributing factors of water pollution. The problems are going to multiply in the future. Starting from the effects on the mankind, 75% of the world’s human population will have fresh water shortages, some of a very serious nature.. This will include Western developed countries. (Already in 2008, 1/3rd of humanity was struggling daily for fresh water for drinking, cooking and washing). Presently the health is already affected badly, if all the water gets polluted the scenario will worsen. Water is a major issue but it can be even more problematic in the future as the quality of the water is deteriorating. Of fresh water that is available for use, a high degree of pollution of all types is likely (organic, chemical and energetic). If this continues to happen than many problems can occur like diseases spread due to bad quality of water will increase and medical facility will need to be provided. If bad water reaches farms than whole of the produce will be ruined and people will fall sick and economic problems will be faced by the farmers and the vegetable market will have chances of collapsing. Clean water will not be available for drinking, the level of pollution will have risen so much that it would be very expensive to get and only a few people will be able to afford it. Again due to this the people falling ill will increase. And filtering water may become expensive as the water would be more polluted than before and so coast of processing and filtering of water will increase by a large number. Salination of the coastal regions form rising seas, with salt seeping into ground waters, again it will add to government’s costs and so people will have to pay more for drinking water than today. Collapse of artesian supplies from overuse and insufficient run back underground, the ground water is therefore depleting. If states today are fighting for water today people might fight for water and small issue about water may start a fight that might be difficult to stop. If not acted now the future of water is going to be very bad. [Word count- 1856] BIBLIOGRAPHY: WEB http://www.nationmaster.com/red/graph/env_wat_fre_pol-environment-water-freshwater-pollutionb_printable=1v=1022 http://www.grinningplanet.com/2005/07-26/water-pollution-facts-article.htm USA http://home.deds.nl/~jamedia/The_last_drop/Water_Pollution.html- WATER POLLUTION (overall) http://www.grinningplanet.com/2005/07-26/water-pollution-facts-article.htm -science WATER POLLUTION http://www.unwater.org/statistics_pollu.html UNITED NATIONS (statistics) http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/en/- HEALTH AND WATER POLLUTON http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/en/-HEALTH AND WATER POLLUTION http://www.satyamevjayate.in/issue12/indiasays/- NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE (INDIA) http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/water-pollution- INDIA water issues http://www.livestrong.com/article/268337-future-effects-of-pollution/#ixzzz24e64z8mw- Future scenario

Essay --

1. Why is it important to be able to test theories according to Popper (Falsification thesis)? Please explain your answers. According to Popper, it is important because every real test of a theory should be an attempt to falsify it, or prove it to be incorrect, because if it is not proven wrong, it becomes not scientific. A good theory is one that can indeed be disproven, or â€Å"testability is falsifiability.† 2. What is positivism and why is it important in advancing knowledge according to Comte? Positivism is the studying and recording of social life based on observations. Positivism is important in advancing knowledge due to the idea that this newly observed and obtained information can be used to reform society. 3. According to Comte what is the difference between social statistics and social dynamics? According to Comte, ‘social statistics’ focus on how order is maintained within a society, while ‘social dynamics’ focus on how a society changes over time. 4. What are the laws of three stages and how does he explain civilizational development? First Stage: ‘Theological’ or ‘fictitious’ stage. Second Stage: ‘Metaphysical’ stage. Third Stage: ‘Scientific’ or ‘positive’ stage. Comte explains that these stages evolve and develop from one another beginning from the belief from gods, to many gods and priests, then to the rejection of deities in favor of scientific thinking and rationality. These stages are needed for humanity to properly evolve. 5. In the documentary on Voodoo in Benin, what civilizational stage would August Comte define the society of Benin; in its citizen’s approach and understanding of the impact of Voodoo on everyday life? Why? In the documentary, the society of Benin would fall into the ‘theological’ stage. ... ...ion to quality of life in the modern world? Please explain. People can forget their personal lives and solely exist to work and make money rather than enjoying a life beyond that of the bureaucracy. A bureaucracy will focus only on a set of goals that must be met in order to maintain a value driven society. This rationalization can create an almost robotic-like society that truly forgets about the simple pleasures in life, which are also important in maintaining a cohesive and happy community. 20. What was the main argument in Weber's Protestant Ethic? The main argument is that the foundation of capitalism came about from the principles of Calvinism. The Calvinists believed in predetermination and that God would provide substantial money if you were deemed to have it in this life. They also were hard working, saved their money, and even reinvested their capital.

Philosophy Does God Exist

God: Does He Exist? Philosophy is a subject that can take many twists and turns before it finds an answer to a general question (Wippel, Wolter 335). God is real to many, but not real to others. Some believe that there is sufficient evidence such as the earth. The earth is the perfect size, if the earth and the atmosphere were any smaller, life on earth would be impossible.Then again, because of this idea some believe that the earth was created by a big explosion called the big bang theory which created our planet: because of this we will examine Aquinas on the existence of God while Kant will explore God’s non existence to the extent of being mortal. St. Thomas Aquinas has written several important works over time. There were four works: The Disputed Questions on the Power of God, Exposition of Dionysius on the Divine Names and Disputed Questions on Spiritual Creatures (Medieval Philosophy).Most of Aquinas's works have been written to try to prove the existence of God. Aquina s always has been a firm believer that everything has to have a creator and the only possible solution would be something called God. It is with this idea that Aquinas's Third Way was written. Aquinas says that if everything were mortal, then nothing could exist at present. This can be translated to mean that if all mortal things have to stop existing then there can't be anything which exists today (Medieval Philosophy).Aquinas believes that it takes a living presence to help create other living things in order for them to live also. This means that there must have been something which existed through eternity to help create many living things which exist today. Aquinas believes that something created life throughout time in order for things to be living today. He says this thing must have existed from the beginning and that it must still exist now (Medieval Philosophy). His belief is that living things and non-living things have lived through eternity with the help of a higher, mor e powerful presence, such as God.He also says that if it that were true that nothing existed at one time, then it would be impossible for anything to begin to exist again, which means that nothing could exist now, which is obviously false (Medieval Philosophy). We see that usual bodies work in the direction of some goal, and do not do so by chance. Most natural things lack knowledge. â€Å"But as an arrow reaches its target because it is directed by an archer, what lacks intelligence achieves goals by being directed by something intelligent†.Therefore some intelligent being exists by whom all natural things are directed to their end; and this being we call God. â€Å"It is impossible for anyone to logically believe that things such as rocks, trees, and water can exist without there being a creator† (Medieval Philosophy). It is for this reason that Aquinas believes that God was the only thing that existed then, so therefore he must have been the one who created everythi ng. This theory does prove that something had to exist from the beginning.The Causal Principle is the thought that every contingent being has a cause of its being and that it lies at the heart of the argument. Kant always contends that the cosmological argument, in identifying the necessary being relies on the ontological argument, which in turn is suspect. (Existence of God) According to Kant, survival is not a predicate, a asset that a thing can either have or lack. (Existence of God) When people declare that God exists they are not saying that there is a God and he possesses the land of existence.If that were the case, then when people state that God does not exist they would be saying that there is a God and he lacks the property of life. â€Å"They would be both affirming and denying God’s existence in the same breath† (Existence of God). Rather, suggests Kant, to say that something exists is to say that the idea of that thing is exemplified in humanity. Existence , then, is not a substance of an object possessing material goods, life, but of a thought equivalent to something in the world. â€Å"To see this more clearly, suppose that we give a complete description of an object, of its size, its weight, its color, etc†. Existence of God) If we then attach that the item exists, then in asserting that it exists we put in nothing to the impression of the thing. â€Å"The article is the same whether it exists or not; it is the identical size, the similar weight, the matching color, etc† (Existence of God). The fact that the thing exists, that notion is exemplified in humanity, but does not alter anything about the theory. To assert that the article exists is to say something about the human race, that it contains something that matches that thought; it is not to say anything concerning the thing itself.If Kant is right in his outlook that life is not an asset of matter, then it is impractical to evaluate a God that exists to a God th at does not. On Kant’s observation a God that exists and a God that does not exist are not the same. â€Å"A God that exists is omnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent, etc† (Existence of God). â€Å"A God that does not exist is omnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent, etc† (Existence of God). Both are the same. Aquinas’s theory is more realistic to me. Everything was created for a reason and has to be here for a reason.First, Aquinas believes that something created life throughout time in order for things to be living today. He says this thing must have existed from the beginning and that it must still exist now. His belief is that living things and non-living things have lived through eternity with the help of a higher, more powerful presence, such as God. Second, as Aquinas has previously mentioned it is impossible for anyone to logically believe that things such as rocks, trees, and water can exist without there being a creator.This is why I feel that God was the only thing that existed then, so therefore he must have been the one who created everything. He also says that if that were true that nothing existed at one time, then it would be impossible for anything to begin to exist again, which means that nothing could exist now, which is obviously false. Lastly, Aquinas said â€Å"that if everything were mortal, then nothing could exist at present, because what is nonexistent begins to be only through something which already exists†.This can be translated to mean that if all mortal things have to stop existing then there can’t be anything which exists today. This means to me that God has been living through time to help create other creatures. Aquinas believed that it takes living presence to help create other living things in order for them to live. This means that there must have been something which existed through eternity to help create many living things which exist today. People will forever be arguing around their dinner tables about the existence of God.Many take comfort in the belief that there is one Creator who still exists in the universe, a perfect being who watches out for His ‘imperfect' children (Wippel, Wolter). However, the dispute that God exists because he was the ‘First Cause' of everything is too unsophisticated for the refined intelligence to accept (Wippel, Wolter). It may be religiously reassuring to believe in the existence of a higher authority, but there is no indisputable proof to suggest that God was ‘the cause' of everything, hence proving His existence. As we approach the new millennium, disbelief prevails and continues to sway extreme (Wippel, Wolter).Works Cited Nicholas of Cusa, 335-38. John F. Wippel, Allan B. Wolter, ed. New York: The Free Press, 1969. Aquinas, St. Thomas. â€Å"Does God Exist? † In Medieval Philosophy: From St. Augustine to St. Thomas â€Å"Objections to the Ontological Argument. † Existence of God. Web. 11 Nov. 2 010. . Dictionary. com | Find the Meanings and Definitions of Words at Dictionary. com. Web. 10 Nov. 2010. .

Humanities - The Heart of Liberal Education Essay examples

I justify the humanities by sketching four views of knowledge in which the idea of an academy or an integration of disciplines might be understood. I assume that every system of higher education inevitably appeals to concepts of knowledge. Such concepts cannot be isolated from political and civic dimensions of life as well as from personal cultivation and character. Nonetheless, older views based on these aspects are open to serious criticism. The four views considered are Aristotelian-Thomistic, Cartesian-positivist, Kantian, and traditionalist (in a liberal and hermeneutic sense). The paper describes key elements in each of these views and notes several objections, with a marked preference for Kantian and traditionalist views. Kant†¦show more content†¦Consider, then, four ways of conceiving and organizing an educational curriculum, or rather concepts of knowledge brought to focus by philosophers—by no means the only ones, but clearly distinct and decisive in the hi story of pedagogy in the West since Plato. These are abbreviations, each meant to stand for a general idea, without too much emphasis on historical reference or detail. (1) An Aristotelian-Thomistic view of disciplinary divisions and the order between them. Aristotle canonized the idea of knowledge as divided into disciplines, each with its appropriate matter and method, and ordered into a hierarchical (ascending) whole. However contemptuous it is of the canon (so called), the modern academy owes its existence to Aristotle. His division of the sciences presupposes a teleological order of nature, a single rational order discoverable from the nature of things by human reason and grounded in manifest purpose, i.e. a cosmos. Probably the core of this ideal is the absolute centrality it places on philosophy as the queen of the sciences and upon theology and metaphysics as first philosophy, knowledge of the highest being and of being as such or of the first principles, causes, and elements of things. It is essentially based upon a philosophical view of the world, in a classical sense adaptable to Christianity. Despite is metaphysical investment in first p hilosophy, a striking element of it isShow MoreRelatedA Critical and Rhetorical Analysis of William Cronons Only Connect.1712 Words   |  7 PagesA Liberal Education? Not According to Cronon. A Critical and Rhetorical Analysis of Cronons Only Connect. While the term liberal education is heard from the most prestigious university to an inner city community college, the phrase itself has a hazy definition at best. 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